• IEEE 802.3cd 100GBASE-FR1 compliance guarantees interoperability with standards-based 100G equipment and ensures compatibility with IEEE 400GBASE-DR4 systems via fibre breakout cables
• Single-wavelength PAM4 architecture transmits the full 100G signal over one 1310nm optical lane at 53.125Gbaud, eliminating the need for WDM multiplexing and simplifying fibre infrastructure
• Onboard FEC is required for reliable 2km transmission, correcting bit errors introduced over the fibre span and ensuring BER performance better than 10^-12
• EML laser transmitter with integrated cooler maintains stable wavelength and optical power across the 0 to 70C operating range, supporting consistent performance in commercial data centre environments
• 4dB minimum optical budget accommodates typical single-mode patch panel losses and splice attenuation, with actual reach dependent on installed fibre quality and connector condition
• Hot-swappable QSFP28 module installs without powering down the host platform, enabling live port upgrades and minimising network downtime during deployment or maintenance