• IEEE 802.3cd compliance ensures the module operates identically to any 100GBASE-DR transceiver in Cisco or third-party equipment, eliminating vendor lock-in while maintaining full standards-based interoperability
• Single-lambda architecture at 1310nm reduces optical complexity compared to 4-wavelength CWDM4 designs, using one EML laser and PIN receiver instead of four discrete channels, lowering power draw and component count
• PAM4 modulation at 53.125 Gbaud encodes two bits per symbol across four signal levels, halving the baud rate compared to NRZ while delivering 100G throughput on a single optical lane, improving spectral efficiency and reducing dispersion sensitivity over single-mode fibre
• Onboard DSP-based gearbox and FEC block convert 4x25G NRZ host electrical signals to 1x50Gbaud PAM4 optical signal, with integrated retiming and forward error correction to maintain signal integrity at 500m reach
• 3dB minimum optical link budget supports typical data centre patch panel loss, fibre splices, and connector attenuation within the 500m distance specification when FEC is enabled
• Hot-swappable QSFP28 MSA form factor with duplex LC optical interface and 4x25G electrical lanes compliant with OIF CEI-28G-VSR, enabling in-service replacement without disrupting adjacent ports or requiring host power cycling
• Breakout compatibility with IEEE 400GBASE-DR4 ports allows one QSFP-DD 400G DR4 interface to fan out to four 100GBASE-DR modules via MTP to LC breakout cables, offering migration flexibility in spine-leaf data centre topologies